宗旨与使命
为多边货币互换协议“清迈倡议”（CMIM）的启动提供判断材料和经济数据组织介绍
AMRO is the regional macroeconomic surveillance unit of the Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralisation (CMIM) of the ASEAN+3 members. AMRO was established as a company limited by guarantee in Singapore in May 2011, following the agreement by ASEAN+3 Finance Ministers to set up an independent regional surveillance unit to promote objective economic monitoring in 2009.
In October 2014, ASEAN+3 member authorities successfully completed the signing of the treaty (AMRO Agreement) to transform AMRO to an international organization. In December 2015, ASEAN+3 member authorities successfully completed the minimum requirement of ratification by members necessary for the effectiveness of the AMRO Agreement.
The AMRO Agreement became effective on 9 February 2016.
Based on instructions from ASEAN+3 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, AMRO has also been working to strengthen collaboration with relevant international financial institutions, such as the ADB, ESM, IMF, OECD, and World Bank.
In October 2014, ASEAN+3 member authorities successfully completed the signing of the treaty (AMRO Agreement) to transform AMRO to an international organization. In December 2015, ASEAN+3 member authorities successfully completed the minimum requirement of ratification by members necessary for the effectiveness of the AMRO Agreement.
The AMRO Agreement became effective on 9 February 2016.
Based on instructions from ASEAN+3 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, AMRO has also been working to strengthen collaboration with relevant international financial institutions, such as the ADB, ESM, IMF, OECD, and World Bank.
工作领域
Overview
ASEAN is built on three pillars: the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC)the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC).
ASEAN sought economic integration by creating the AEC by the end of 2015. This established a common market. The average economic growth of ASEAN's member nations during 1989–2009 was between 3.8% and 7%. This economic growth was greater than the average growth of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), which was 2.8%.
The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), which was established on 28 January 1992, includes a Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) to promote the free flow of goods between member states. When the AFTA agreement was originally signed, ASEAN had only six members: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Vietnam joined in 1995, Laos and Burma in 1997, and Cambodia in 1999. The newcomers have not fully met AFTA's obligations, but they are officially considered part of the AFTA as they were required to sign the agreement upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations.
The next steps are to create a: single market and production base, a competitive economic region, a region of equitable economic development, and a region that is fully integrated into the global economy.
Since 2007, ASEAN countries have gradually lowered their import duties to member nations. The target is zero import duties by 2016.
In February 2016, President Obama initiated the inaugural US-ASEAN Summit at Sunnylands for closer engagement with ASEAN, as China's economic and trade growth have dimmed. The territorial disputes in the South China Sea were also discussed. However, in a final joint statement, the Sunnylands Declaration did not allude to the South China Sea by name, instead calling for: "respect for each nation's sovereignty and for international law". Analysts believe the wording indicated divides within the group on how to respond to China's maritime strategy.
ASEAN countries have many economic zones (industrial parks, eco-industrial parks, special economic zones, technology parks, and innovation districts). UNIDO Viet Nam (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) has compiled in 2015 a list of economic zones in the ASEAN Economic Community in a report titled "Economic Zones in the ASEAN" written by Arnault Morisson.
Internal market
By the end of 2015, ASEAN plans to establish a common market based upon the four freedoms. The single market will ensure the free flow of goods, services, skilled labour, and capital.
Until the end of 2010, intra-ASEAN trade was still low. Trade involved mainly exports to countries outside the region, with the exception of Laos and Myanmar, whose foreign trade was ASEAN-oriented, with 80% and 50% respectively of their exports going to other ASEAN countries.
In 2009, realised foreign direct investment (FDI) was US$37.9 billion and increased two-fold in 2010 to US$75.8 billion. 22% of FDI came from the European Union, followed by ASEAN countries (16%), and by Japan and the USA.
The ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services (AFAS) was adopted at the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in December 1995. Under AFAS, ASEAN member states enter into successive rounds of negotiations to liberalise trade in services with the aim of submitting increasingly higher levels of commitment. At present, ASEAN has concluded seven packages of commitments under AFAS.
Free flow of skilled labour
Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) have been agreed upon by ASEAN for eight professions: physicians, dentists, nurses, architects, engineers, accountants, surveyors, and tourism professionals. Individuals in these professions will be free to work in any ASEAN nation after the AEC goes into effect on 31 December 2015.Applicants must be licensed and recognised professionals in these fields in their home countries. They can move to other ASEAN countries to practice, but they must pass that country's licensing test. In Thailand, licensing tests will be in the Thai language. In addition, one cannot be an independent practitioner. Any foreign professional intending to work must collaborate with a local business. Given these hurdles, it is unlikely that there will be significant migrations of professionals in the near-term. A Chulalongkorn University study predicts that more developed countries stand to benefit the most from the free flow of professionals.
Free trade
Free trade initiatives in ASEAN are spearheaded by the implementation of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) and the Agreement on Customs. These agreements are supported by work done by several sector bodies to plan and to execute free trade measures, guided by the provisions and the requirements of ATIGA and the Agreement on Customs. The progress being made by these sector bodies forms a backbone for achieving the targets of the AEC B
ASEAN is built on three pillars: the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC)the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC).
ASEAN sought economic integration by creating the AEC by the end of 2015. This established a common market. The average economic growth of ASEAN's member nations during 1989–2009 was between 3.8% and 7%. This economic growth was greater than the average growth of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), which was 2.8%.
The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), which was established on 28 January 1992, includes a Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) to promote the free flow of goods between member states. When the AFTA agreement was originally signed, ASEAN had only six members: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Vietnam joined in 1995, Laos and Burma in 1997, and Cambodia in 1999. The newcomers have not fully met AFTA's obligations, but they are officially considered part of the AFTA as they were required to sign the agreement upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations.
The next steps are to create a: single market and production base, a competitive economic region, a region of equitable economic development, and a region that is fully integrated into the global economy.
Since 2007, ASEAN countries have gradually lowered their import duties to member nations. The target is zero import duties by 2016.
In February 2016, President Obama initiated the inaugural US-ASEAN Summit at Sunnylands for closer engagement with ASEAN, as China's economic and trade growth have dimmed. The territorial disputes in the South China Sea were also discussed. However, in a final joint statement, the Sunnylands Declaration did not allude to the South China Sea by name, instead calling for: "respect for each nation's sovereignty and for international law". Analysts believe the wording indicated divides within the group on how to respond to China's maritime strategy.
ASEAN countries have many economic zones (industrial parks, eco-industrial parks, special economic zones, technology parks, and innovation districts). UNIDO Viet Nam (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) has compiled in 2015 a list of economic zones in the ASEAN Economic Community in a report titled "Economic Zones in the ASEAN" written by Arnault Morisson.
Internal market
By the end of 2015, ASEAN plans to establish a common market based upon the four freedoms. The single market will ensure the free flow of goods, services, skilled labour, and capital.
Until the end of 2010, intra-ASEAN trade was still low. Trade involved mainly exports to countries outside the region, with the exception of Laos and Myanmar, whose foreign trade was ASEAN-oriented, with 80% and 50% respectively of their exports going to other ASEAN countries.
In 2009, realised foreign direct investment (FDI) was US$37.9 billion and increased two-fold in 2010 to US$75.8 billion. 22% of FDI came from the European Union, followed by ASEAN countries (16%), and by Japan and the USA.
The ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services (AFAS) was adopted at the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in December 1995. Under AFAS, ASEAN member states enter into successive rounds of negotiations to liberalise trade in services with the aim of submitting increasingly higher levels of commitment. At present, ASEAN has concluded seven packages of commitments under AFAS.
Free flow of skilled labour
Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) have been agreed upon by ASEAN for eight professions: physicians, dentists, nurses, architects, engineers, accountants, surveyors, and tourism professionals. Individuals in these professions will be free to work in any ASEAN nation after the AEC goes into effect on 31 December 2015.Applicants must be licensed and recognised professionals in these fields in their home countries. They can move to other ASEAN countries to practice, but they must pass that country's licensing test. In Thailand, licensing tests will be in the Thai language. In addition, one cannot be an independent practitioner. Any foreign professional intending to work must collaborate with a local business. Given these hurdles, it is unlikely that there will be significant migrations of professionals in the near-term. A Chulalongkorn University study predicts that more developed countries stand to benefit the most from the free flow of professionals.
Free trade
Free trade initiatives in ASEAN are spearheaded by the implementation of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) and the Agreement on Customs. These agreements are supported by work done by several sector bodies to plan and to execute free trade measures, guided by the provisions and the requirements of ATIGA and the Agreement on Customs. The progress being made by these sector bodies forms a backbone for achieving the targets of the AEC B
